Kunduz University International Journal of Islamic Studies and Social Sciences
Kunduz University Journal of Islamic Studies and Social Sciences KUIJIS (e-ISSN 3078-3895) is an open-access international peer-reviewed journal published quarterly by Kunduz University. The journal welcomes the submission of Original articles, Short communications, invited review articles, and Letters to the Editor that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence in all fields of Islamic studies and social sciences. Fields of interest are Islamic culture, Jurisprudence and law, Islamic education, English language literature, Persian language and literature, Pashto language and literature, Geography, History, Psychology, Physical Education, Judicial and Prosecution, Administration and Diplomacy, National Economy and Finance and Banking. We also accept papers on novel approaches that could advance experimental work in the above-listed areas. Within four to six weeks of submission, we want to notify authors of the initial decision on their manuscript or manuscripts. Aim and Scope: The primary areas of study for the Kunduz University International Journal of Islamic Studies and Social Sciences (Kuijis) are Islamic culture, Jurisprudence and law, Islamic education, English language literature, Persian language and literature, Pashto language and literature, Geography, History, Psychology, Physical Education, Judicial & Prosecution, Administration and Diplomacy, National Economy and Finance and Banking. The mission of Kuijis is to disseminate research findings from scholars in pertinent fields, widen the scope of relevant issues facing the community of Afghanistan, and draw attention to them from across the world. Researchers and academics have the chance to accumulate their knowledge in an organized way using Kuijis. Kuijis is still available for in-depth examination, growth, and improvement. More significantly, Kuijis provides an opportunity for academic discussions regarding scientific issues in Afghanistan and worldwide. Peer Review Process Peer review is defined as subjecting an author’s scholarly work or research articles to the scrutiny of others who are experts in the same field. Peer review functions to encourage authors to meet the accepted high standards of their discipline and to ensure that unwarranted claims, unacceptable interpretations, or personal views are not published without prior expert review. Kuijis strives to provide the fairest double-blind peer review system and the best possible service to authors.
Reading Strategies Used by Afghan EFL Students in the Department of English at Khost Shaikh Zayed University
This study investigates the reading strategies employed by Afghan EFL students in the Department of English at Khost Shaikh Zayed University, where reading is a fundamental aspect of the curriculum. The research aims to identify the strategies students report using and assess the extent to which these strategies are actively implemented in their reading practices. A sample of 34 male students participated in the study, completing a structured questionnaire designed to gather data on their reading strategies. The data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel to quantify the frequency of strategy usage. The findings revealed that while students reported using a variety of reading strategies, their actual application was limited. A notable 90.18% of respondents indicated a strong reliance on dictionaries during reading activities, highlighting an emphasis on vocabulary acquisition. However, deeper cognitive strategies, such as making inferences and semantic mapping, were employed less frequently. The results suggest a significant gap in students' awareness and effective application of reading strategies.In conclusion, the study emphasizes the need for enhanced instructional practices that incorporate metacognitive training and a balanced approach to teaching reading strategies. By fostering both surface-level and deeper processing strategies, educators can better equip Afghan EFL students for improved reading comprehension and overall language proficiency. These insights aim to inform future curriculum development and pedagogical strategies in the context of English language education in Afghanistan.
Afghan EFL students, Comprehension ,English Department, Reading Language Learning, Reading strategies, Shaikh Zayed University, Theory
Visual Identity and the Psychology of Buying in the Digital Age
In the digital age, consumer behavior is increasingly shaped by symbolic, emotional, and identity-driven mechanisms rather than traditional utilitarian logic. This study explores how visual content, self-perception, and social media dynamics intersect to influence consumer decision-making in online environments. Drawing from Self-Concept Theory, Social Comparison Theory, and Visual Rhetoric Theory, the research adopts a qualitative, theory-informed methodology to analyze 100 curated visual media posts from platforms such as Instagram and TikTok. Using thematic analysis, visual semiotics, and document analysis, the study identifies four key psychological patterns: aspirational identity alignment, emotional resonance and aesthetic immersion, visualized social comparison, and authenticity-driven self-validation. Findings reveal that consumers engage with brand imagery not merely for functional evaluation, but as a means of identity expression, emotional fulfillment, and social positioning. The study proposes an integrative conceptual framework that models these interactions within a recursive feedback loop of digital consumer identity. By emphasizing the affective and interpretive nature of visual consumption, this research offers new insights for marketers, designers, and scholars seeking to understand and ethically engage contemporary consumers in the symbolic economy of social media.
Consumer Psychology, Digital identity, Self-perception, Social Media marketing, Symbolic Consumption, Visual Content.
Comparative Study of Adjectives in Pashto and Dari as Cognate Languages
In Pashto, adjectives align with nouns in terms of number, gender, and case, which distinguishthem from adjectives in Modern Persian-Dari. In both Old and Modern Persian, unlike in Pashto, adjectives are divided into two categories: attributive and predicative. In Modern Persian-Dari, there is little visible difference between adjectives and othergrammatical roles, such as modifiers. The identification of adjectives in this language mainly depends on grammatical characteristics, whereas in Pashto, the structure of adjectives, in terms of number, gender, and case, is crucial.One of the obvious topics in Persian grammar books is the agreement between adjectives and nouns, which is derived from Arabic. It has never existed in Persian as a strict rule; however, in Ancient Iranian languages, and in Middle Western Iranian languages and Modern Persian-Dari, adjectives have always been able to agree with their nouns in terms of number, gender, and case.The authors of this paper aim to first present the opinions of several grammarians and the history of adjective-noun agreement in Persian, and then providea general definition of adjectives in both Pashto and Persian-Dari, followed by a comparison of adjectives in Persian-Dari and Pashto from various perspectives. In this scholarly article, a library-based research method and a comparative approach are usedto validate the study of adjectives.
Ancient Persian, Adjective, Grammar, Persian-Dari language, Pashto language.
Investigation of Social Well-being among Academic and Administrative Staff at Bamyan University
The social welfare of BamyanUniversity's faculty and staff in 2023 was examined in this study. Methodologically, it was a descriptive-survey study that was field-based and applied to the goal. The standardized Keyes (1998) Social Well-Being Questionnaire, which consists of 33 questions and 5 components, was used to collect the data. The five-point Likert scale used to assess each question ranged from "completely agree" to "completely disagree." The study's whole statistical population, which included all 249 faculty members and staffof Bamyan University, received the questionnaires. One hundred eighty-three of these completed surveys were sent back. SPSS software was used to evaluate the gathered data using both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques.The results showed that Bamyan University's teachers and staff had an unsatisfactory level of social well-being. There was a statistically significant difference (p=0.02) between the benchmark score of 99 and the mean total social well-being score of 97.78. Additionally, all of the social well-being components social cohesiveness (17.61), social contribution (18.01), social actualization (20.99), social acceptability (20.70), and social coherence (20.45)—scored below the ideal level. This suggests that there are issues with job satisfaction, organizational support, and social interactions at work.The study's findings highlight the need for Bamyan University to develop policies that enhance social well-being.
Acceptance, Bamyan University, Cohesion, Participation, Prosperity, Social well-being.
The Importance of Sports for People with Disabilities
The aim of this study is to examine the significance of physical activity for individuals with disabilities. Undoubtedly, consistent and appropriate physical exercise plays a crucial role in enhancing the physical, psychological, and physiological health of people with disabilities, while also mitigating the long-term consequences of disability. Physical education and sports are essential for all members of society, and for individuals withdisabilities, they are vital. This research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to investigate the effects of sports on people with disabilities. The findings indicate that engaging in physical activity can yield positive physical, psychological, andphysiological outcomes for this population. The results demonstrate that regular daily and weekly exercise routines—focused on strength, flexibility, and endurance—can improve muscle strength, cardiovascular function, and joint mobility. Moreover, such activities foster self-confidence, self-efficacy, and independence among individuals with disabilities. Participation in sports also serves as a powerful tool for promoting and strengthening social integration within this community.
Community, Disability, Physical Activity, Physical Health, Sports.
The Position of Afghanistan in China’s Belt and Road Initiative Project
Afghanistan, neighboring China and located at the heart of Asia, holds significant transit advantages and economic, political, and security importance for all regional and extra-regional countries. Given its economic capacity, China aims to supervise and maintain trade relations with countries in South and West Asia and Europe through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Afghanistan's geographic proximity to surrounding territories offers an optimal route for implementing and consolidating China’s economic, political, and security strategies. Moreover, China seeks an alternative to the Malacca Strait, which is largely monitored by India, a regional rival. This article exploresthe question of Afghanistan’s position in China's Belt and Road Initiative through an analytical and descriptive approach. Given the security situation in Kashmir, the Indo-Pak conflict, and instability in Central Asian countries, China considers Afghanistan —despite its geographic challenges and proximity to the Middle East, Europe, and open seas —as a key strategic option in its long-term economic and political planning.
Afghanistan, Belt and Road Initiative Project, China.
Digital Influencers and Consumer Decision-Making: The Mediating Role of Trust in a Culturally Diverse Market
This study examines the pivotal role of digital influencers in fostering consumer trust and shaping purchase intentions within online retail contexts, with a specific empirical focus on Istanbul, Turkey. Adopting a mixed-methods research design, the investigation integrates quantitative survey data and qualitative interview insights to analyze how critical influencer attributes, namely authenticity, expertise, and relatability, influence consumer behavior. The results demonstrate that these characteristics substantially contribute to the development of consumer trust, which in turn serves as a key determinant of online purchase decisions. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) validates the mediating role of trust in the relationship between influencer traits and consumer decision-making processes. Furthermore, the study underscores the strategic effectiveness of micro-and nano-influencers in cultivating stronger relational engagement with audiences. The findings yield practical implications for marketers aiming to deploy influencer strategies in culturally nuanced and digitally active markets such as Istanbul.
Cultural Alignment, Decision-Making, Digital Influencers, Consumer Trust, Online Shopping, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).
Exploring the Effects of Kegel Exercises on Pelvic Floor Muscle Problems
Therapeutic exercises play a fundamental role in disease control and treatment. In particular, all the exercises that are used to strengthen the supporting floor muscles include Kegelexercises,the purpose of this study is to clarify the problems caused by the weakness of the pelvic floor muscles and to investigate the effects of Kegel exercises on them to investigate the subject, data were collected through observation and a semi-experimental method, and then analyzed using SPSS 26. This study was conducted on 40 participants from Beijing Sport University (BSU) in China. Their exercise norms were recorded over eight weeks, before and after the intervention. The comparison between the pre-intervention and post-intervention exercise norms was performed using an independent samples test.The results of the study indicate that the health problems caused by the weakening of the pelvic floor muscles include urinary incontinence, hypertonus, and Prolapse.An average of 10.45 percent of pelvic floor muscle health problems were reduced by eight weeks of Kegel exercises, specifically 17.02 percent of urinary incontinence, 9.6 percent of hypertonia and 4.73 percent of Prolapse.The results of the study show that Kegel exercises can be used to treat pelvic floor muscle disorders.
Exercises, Floor, Hyper tonus, Kegel, Muscles, Pelvic, Prolapse.
The Role of Early Literary Biographies (Tazkiri) in the Ancient History of Pashto Literature
The role of early literary biographies in the ancient history of Pashto literature is a significant and fundamental subject, as these biographies have transmitted to us the thoughts, styles, and contributions of early poets, writers, and Sufi figures. These literary biographies also convey vivid depictions of the social, cultural, political, and intellectual values of their respective eras. In addition, the Pashto literary tazkirs mentioned in this article serve as historical sources for future generations.These are precisely the literary tadhkirahs that extended the history of Pashto literature back to the second Hijri century. In the article, the tadhkirahsmentioned have preserved ourPashto language and the history of the Pashtun people.It is these Pashto literary biographies that have provided authentic and reliable historical material for the study of our Ancient Literary History. Thanks to these few literary biographies, the Pashto language—and particularly the recorded history of the Pashtun people—has found a place among the recognized literary traditions of both the region and the world. Also, this article provides information about all the, poets, and writers of ancient history, from which book or tazkirs each poet and writer is taken. The qualitative method has been used in writing this article. Because through this method, it is easy to find libraries, online websites, and reliable sources.I thoroughly analyzed and evaluated all the sources after carefully reading them, and I have incorporated accurate information from them into this article.
Mohammad Hotak, Tazkira, Tazkira al-Awliya, Pashto, Pata Khazana.
Evaluating the Message of Pashto Landay According to the Audience
This research examines the message of folk poetry and folktales (Landay), which are the content of the (Landay) and are performed and recited by people and nations for their own purposes in their daily lives. Landay reveals why people are influenced by these folk poems and folktales and incorporate them into their lives. Landay has played a role in this regard, because they usually come from the mouths and chests of the people. In Villages, Cities, Weddings, and festivals, it is said that social order, Intellectual development, and moral formation have become the cause. This is a field study and research, in which interviews were conducted to develop the message of the People's Forum (Landay). This research shows how Landay affects people and to what extent they are affected by Landay.The goal of this Work is to evaluate the Message of Pashto Landay and determine its value and importance in Society. The participants of the study are eleven Lecturers, Civil Leaders, and one Woman, People, from whom information was collected through interviews, WhatsApp, writing and Questions. Primary Information was collected through interviews with academics and individuals. Interviewees were interviewed face-to-face, And then their words were analyzed and analyzed through (Qualitative Contents Analysis).The conclusion of the evaluation of Pashto Landays is That they are a brief yet powerful poetic Expression of deep feelings, Love, Pain, AndSocial Messages, conveying broad Meanings in just a few words.
Effect, Emotions, Limitations, Messages, Minds.
Comparative Analysis of Bachelor of Medical Programs in Afghanistan and Pakistan
This research manuscript aims to compare medical bachelor's degree programs in Pakistan and Afghanistan, focusing on curriculum content, teaching methods, and learning objectives. The primary objectives are to identify similarities between the medical curricula of the two countries and to understand the differences that highlight the distinct healthcare challenges faced by each nation's academic institutions. Using document analysis and a comparative qualitative approach, the study examines educational materials from prominent institutions in both countries. It addresses several research questions, including the core components of medical curricula, program similarities, and the methods used to teach medical issues in each context. The findings indicate notable differences in curriculum structure and content: Pakistan's MBBS program typically spans six years and emphasizes the integration of basic and clinical sciences. In comparison, Afghanistan's MD program lasts seven years and adopts a discipline-based approach. Although both programs cover fundamental medical knowledge, they differ in how cultural elements and practical training opportunities are incorporated. Ultimately, this study aims to provide recommendations for enhancing medical education in both countries, promoting more effective training programs that meet the evolving healthcare needs of their populations. By highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of these educational systems, the research contributes to the ongoing discourse on improving medical training in resource-constrained settings.
Curriculum; Healthcare Services; Medical Migration; Healthcare Infrastructure; Specialist Facilities.
Legal and Jurisprudential Analysis of Bills of Exchange in Afghanistan’s Payment and Banking System: A Comparative Study with International Regulations
Bill of exchange, as one of the oldest and most reliable commercial instruments, plays a significant role in facilitating domestic and international transactions and enables payment without direct cash transfer. This written document, signed by the issuer, orders the payment of a specified amount unconditionally on a fixed date or on demand to the holder and has both legal and economic nature. This research examines the legal and Islamic jurisprudential (Shariah) framework governing the use of bills of exchange within Afghanistan’s payment and banking system. Bills of exchange, as key financial instruments in commercial transactions, play a vital role in facilitating trade and credit. However, their application in Afghanistan remains limited due to legal ambiguities, enforcement challenges, and religious considerations. The importance of studying the bill of exchange within Afghanistan’s banking system lies in its potential use as a tool for short-term financing, payment guarantee, reduction of cash requirements, and banking risk management. The aim of this study is to provide a legal and jurisprudential analysis of the bill of exchange under Afghan laws and to compare it with international standards, such as the Geneva Convention and the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP). The research method employed is library research and a comparative analysis of legal documents and international regulations. The findings indicate that despite the clear legal status of the bill of exchange, its practical application remains limited, with the main factors being weak banking and judicial infrastructure, lack of trust among traders, absence of standardized digital templates, and predominance of traditional money transfer systems such as remittances. Strengthening legal and banking infrastructure, increasing commercial trust, and establishing digital mechanisms are required.
Afghanistan, Bill of Exchange, Banking, Bill Discounting, Commercial documents, International Regulations.
From a Semantic Perspective: the Relationship Between Linguistics and Philosophy
Meaning serves as the common ground between linguistics and philosophy, forming the basis for their interconnection. Linguistic meaning often faces ambiguities when intertwined with philosophical meaning, and from a cultural viewpoint, linguistic components, along with their meanings, also encompass various philosophical interpretations. This study investigates the link between linguistics and philosophy by focusing on the expansion of these meanings. Given that linguistic components convey philosophical implications in addition to their linguistic meanings, the aim of this research is to examine the relationship between linguistics and philosophy through a semantic lens. In examining the connection between linguistics and philosophy, a descriptive-analytical approach was utilized. The research demonstrated that factors such as reference, reasoning, intentionality, structural, quantitative, and qualitative meanings, linguistic logic, and concepts of linguistic determinism and free will play a role in both expanding and constraining meaning in language. The findings indicate that, from a semantic standpoint, there is a shared boundary between linguistics and philosophy, and to achieve linguistic meaning in communication, it is essential to consider the interrelationship between both linguistic and philosophical disciplines.
Linguistics, Philosophy of Linguistics, Philosophy, Semantics, Semantics Studies.
Study of the Factors Contributing to Freshwater Reduction and Its Consequences
In a world where urbanization, industrialization, and agriculture are rapidly expanding, the protection of natural water resources seems nearly impossible, and the issues of water pollution and salinity have become increasingly severe. Natural resources are among the blessings that must be used wisely to protect and improve human living standards. The aim of this article is to identify the causes of freshwater reduction, promote optimal and rational use of water resources, and examine the amount of available water on Earth, the limitations of water resources, and the negative impacts on the economy, culture, and social issues. The research method used in this study is qualitative, with data collected through a library-based approach and analyzed descriptively. The results show that water holds a special place among natural resources, as it is neither degradable nor renewable. Moreover, water is a vital resource for human societies and plays a crucial role in the economies of countries. The results also indicate that water consumption in agriculture is significantly higher than in industrial and urban sectors.
Freshwater, Reduction, Resources, Shortage, Supply, Water.
Islamic Education in the Era of Artificial Intelligence: the Prospects and Challenges
This paper explores the intersection of Islamic education and artificial intelligence (AI), delving into the prospects and challenges that arise in the AI era. The introduction establishes the relevanceof addressing this intersection, emphasizing the need to ensure the compatibility of technological advancements with Islamic principles. The prospects section examines how AI can enhance Islamic education, focusing on aspects such as personalized learning, global collaboration, and improved accessibility. Concurrently, the challenges section explores cultural considerations, ethical dilemmas, accessibility issues, and potential biases in AI algorithms. The methodology includes primary sources through in-depth oral interviews with beneficiaries and community leaders and secondary sources such as textbooks and journals, aiming for a holistic understanding of the ethical dimensions of support initiatives within the context of Islamic principles. This research endeavors to explore the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Islamic education, aiming to assess its impact, identify prospects and challenges, and propose ethical guidelines. It also seeks to understand the cultural and ethical dimensions, examine practical challenges, and offer practical recommendations to guide the responsible implementation of AI in Islamic education. The research aims to offer valuable insights for educators, policymakers, and stakeholders navigating the convergence of AI and Islamic education. The paper concludes by presenting strategies, case studies, and a discussion on emerging trends, contributing valuable perspectives to guide those involved in the intersection of AI and Islamic education.
Islam, Islamic Education, Artificial Intelligence, Prospects and Challenges.
Assessment of Psychological Services and Psychological Well-being of Students in Public and Private Higher Education Institutions of Kunduz Province
This study investigates the provision of psychological services and the psychological well-being of students in public and private higher education institutions in Kunduz province. The research is descriptive-survey in nature and employs a causal-comparative design. The statistical population included 4,214 students from three higher education institutions, from which a stratified random sample of 478 students was selected. Data collection instruments consisted of a questionnaire measuring the level of psychological services and the Maslow Psychological Security Scale. The collected data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical methods. In the descriptive analysis, data were summarized using frequencies, percentages, and means. For the inferential analysis, one-sample t-tests and chi-square tests were employed to examine and compare the means. The results indicated that the provision of psychological services in these institutions was below the desired level, and students had insufficient awareness of the existence and functioning of counseling centers. Although students’ psychological security was evaluated as relatively satisfactory, significant differences were found in the need for counseling services among groups with varying levels of psychological security. Moreover, overall student satisfaction with psychological services was moderate, with considerable variability. In conclusion, strengthening and expanding psychological services, together with enhancing students’ awareness of counseling centers, should be regarded as essential components of psychological support systems. Neglecting these aspects may undermine students’ mental well-being. Therefore, it is recommended that both public and private higher education institutions in Kunduz Province design and implement targeted strategies to play a more effective role in promoting students’ mental health and improving their academic performance.
Counseling, Higher education institutions, Psychological services, Psychological well-being, Students, Kunduz.
Lexicography is a division of linguistic that is very important for recording and developing languages. Pashto is one of those languages that do not have many resources. Most afghan lexicographer using traditional methods for dictionary. The old methods cause mistakes and do not follow scientific rules. This article encourages lexicographer to stop old method and old writing system and start modern lexicography methods on facts. It also explains that lexicographers need to learn language and dictionary-making skills. These skills help the lexicographer to make better and more correct dictionary. This study adopts a qualitative and descriptive-analytical method to explore and compare key trends in both Afghan and international lexicographer practices. It critically examines the current state of Pashto dictionaries, highlights significant methodological shortcomings, and proposes a set of well-structured recommendations to address these gaps. Many Pashto-Pashto dictionaries have Data collection, grammar, or others problem. They are inconsistent, nonstandard, do not give answer user because Pashto dictionary have been written lack deep language knowledge and trained people and good method are missing. The article say it is important to work with experts, use digital tools and often update dictionary. The article says that lexicography is not just a technical job. It is an academic work that helps protect and grow the language. If lexicographer get if the right training they can make dictionaries that are useful and trusted by many people.
Role of the Academic Level of Teachers and Educational Centers of Country and Its Impact on National Development
Higher education has played a key role in the process of national progress and creating a balance between different dimensions of progress. Since university professors cause the quality and scientific strength, growth and strengthening of the education system in the education, research and education of experts in the country, it plays an effective role in the development of the country, it is desirable and appropriate that academic institutions in order to develop and strengthen the scientific level of professors take effective steps and plan regularly, provide the full growth and development of academic staff members of their academic institutions and promote scientific and educational institutions. The purpose of this research is to play the role of the scientific level of professors and promote educational centres and its impact on the national development of the country. The importance of research is that it is received by such research to introduce the quantitative and qualitative gaps of universities and play an effective role in the reform of the country's education system and play an effective role in national stability and development. The research methods in the form of library, field research and objective observations are researchers.
educational centres and national development
Epistemic Pluralism and Khaldounian Paradigm: Rethinking Social Science Beyond Eurocentrism
In the landscape of contemporary social sciences, the dominance of Western epistemology has long marginalized alternative frameworks rooted in non-European intellectual traditions. This article revisits the ideas of Ibn Khaldoun, the 14th-century Muslim scholar, to explore the possibility of constructing a non-Western paradigm for understanding social and political dynamics. The central research question guiding this study is: Can Ibn Khaldoun’s epistemological and methodological insights offer a viable alternative to Eurocentric foundations in the social sciences? To address this question, the article employs a descriptive-analytical method, drawing primarily on textual analysis of Ibn Khaldoun’s writings and secondary literature in historical sociology and postcolonial theory. The findings suggest that Ibn Khaldoun’s conceptual tools, particularly his notions of Asabiyyah, cyclical state dynamics, empirical historiography, and Multiplex paradigm, provide a sophisticated framework for analyzing social change that predates and, in some ways, anticipates modern sociology. By critically engaging with Eurocentrism and highlighting the originality and relevance of Ibn Khaldoun’s work, this study contributes to broader efforts in decolonizing the social sciences and expanding the theoretical foundations of global knowledge production.
The Roshani Movement literary services and the contribution of this Movement in the development of Pashto Literature
Literature is the mirror of society. The purpose of this article was to review the achievements and literary services of the Roshani Movement, in order to use their positive points in the development of Pashto language and literature. The roshani Movement, which was created based on the needs of the region and time, is called a political, social, religious, mystical, cultural, literary and etc multifaceted Movement, which has new concepts, new forums and new topics. He started a new era in the history of Pashto literature and He has given so much to Pashto literature that Pashto literature will be proud of him for the rest of his life. This research, which is an analytical and research, has been used for the analysis of the subject from various books and the poetry books of the Roshini Movement. Roshan created a distinct literary style, for the first time he wrote regular poetry books and diwans, created new and distinct poetry forums, and inscribed a broad and complex Sufi concept into Pashto poetry and literature. And he gave a new form in Pashto poetry and literature in terms of form and thought.
Key Factors contributing to Language Variation
Language undergoes constant evolution due to various key factors. This review synthesizes insights from books and academic journals to examine the key factors driving language variation. Regional dialects, social hierarchies, migration, and historical events, such as colonization, significantly contribute to linguistic diversity. Additionally, globalization and digital communication accelerate language change by introducing new vocabulary and modifying linguistic structures. Political and educational systems also play a crucial role in shaping language standardization and variation. This paper aims to investigate on the significant factors that changes a language to variations which take place over periods of time on language characteristics. To collect the data, the researchers used research techniques such as textual and narrative analysis, and review synthesizes insights from books and academic journals to inspect the key factors that effect on language variation. The study reveals that there are many factors cause change in a language to dialects and accents such as social, geographical, cultural, and political factors. When a language changes to accents it changes from its pronunciation aspect but when a language changes to dialects the grammar, usage and vocabulary of the language are changing. So, it is a common phenomenon that a language changes to dialects and accents. Almost all languages change to various dialects and accents in their own area of spoken. The reason for such changes is needed to be cleared. So, in this paper I attempt to find out the result of what made English language to change, to what dialects, accents and finally variations.
In today’s world, technology plays a vital role in various parts of our lives and accelerates activities, particularly in the workplace. Most companies use the latest version of technology to accelerate their production and goods. The purpose of this research is to examine the role of using the latest version of technological innovation in production companies. One of the secrets to the success of the world's most famous companies today is technological innovation. The materials for this study were collected from different sources such as research articles, journals, books in various libraries as well as some documentary reports. Data was analyzed manually based on themes and main topics. The result of the study indicates that companies with the latest technology can capture the entire market by producing goods and services at lower prices and with the highest quality. Technological innovations play a major role in the success of the company, so companies should always try to use the latest technology to compete with their competitors in the market.
The Role of Shari’ah-Compliant Banking in Nigeria’s Economic Growth and Development
This research delves into the impact of Islamic banking, guided by Shari’ah principles, on Nigeria's economic advancement. Recognizing its emergence as a pivotal alternative to conventional finance, this study investigates its theoretical foundations, practical implementation, and tangible contributions to Nigeria's economic growth. It meticulously analyses the core principles, such as the avoidance of interest and speculative practices, and contrasts them with traditional banking methods. The evolution of Islamic banking within Nigeria is traced, highlighting its role in expanding financial access, supporting small businesses, funding infrastructure through Islamic bonds, and fostering macroeconomic stability. Despite its potential, the sector grapples with regulatory hurdles, limited public understanding, and liquidity challenges. This analysis also identifies growth prospects, including rising demand for ethical financial solutions, government backing, and the integration of financial technology. Recommendations are offered to strengthen Islamic banking, focusing on policy improvements, public education, the development of diverse financial instruments, and investment in skilled personnel. By examining these factors, this research aims to illuminate the future trajectory of Islamic banking in Nigeria, underscoring its potential to drive sustainable economic progress.
A Brief Overview of Securing Research Funding for Universities Self-Sufficiency
Universities ensure the advancement of civilizations in other domains as respectable hubs for scientific study. As has been required for many years, it must be acknowledged that Afghanistan's academic and scientific institutions have not kept up with the modern world. Since the government of Afghanistan covers all university expenditures, these actions necessitate research funding. This study is a brief analysis based on other people's experiences allocating research funds to universities in order to help them become self-sufficient. The Library-Study was used to conduct the study. The findings of this study demonstrate that the vision, mission, and nature of the interaction between universities and society have evolved as a result of their duty to apply the findings of scientific research to address the demands of society's objective challenges. By employing scientific productivity, initiatives, and innovation while submitting funding requests, universities can accomplish their objectives. Both developed and emerging nations can follow this trend, which states that each academic employee in industrialized nations contributes between $9,400 and $219,100 to government revenue and university capital each year. Scientific research will continue to be the standard procedure solely for advancement to the ranks of scientific staff members if Afghanistan's educational institutions do not take fundamental and sound measures in this process based on experiences from around the world.
The Role of Establishing an Agricultural Development Bank and Its Impact on the Agricultural Sector: A Case Study of Kunduz Province
The present study examines the role of establishing an agricultural development bank and its impact on the agricultural sector, focusing on a case study of Kunduz Province. This research employs a descriptive-correlational methodology. The main research question is: "Does the establishment of an agricultural bank contribute to the growth of the agricultural sector?" The hypothesis proposed for this study suggests that the establishment of an agricultural bank positively impacts the growth of the agricultural sector. The statistical population of this study includes Kunduz Province, with the survey randomly distributed among employees of the Department of Agriculture, students, professors, and entrepreneurs. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software. The Cronbach’s alpha test (0.8) demonstrated the reliability and significance of the variables. The findings show that among 100 respondents, 91% agreed with the establishment of an agricultural development bank, while 9% opposed it. Therefore, if such a bank is established in accordance with principles and values, it can have economic effects on improving farmers’ livelihoods and fostering the growth of the agricultural sector.
The Effects of Forced Deportation of Migrants on Their Mental Health in Herat City
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of forced deportation of immigrants from the second country to the country of origin on their mental health considering major variables such as type of return, gender, length of stay in the second country, and age. Statistical data were collected using the GHQ-28 scale in writing and analyzed using SPSS-25 software and chi-square test to analyze the relationships between nominal data and ANOVA, independent t-test, Pearson correlation and linear regression to investigate the relationships between quantitative data. The results of this study showed that variables such as "length of stay", "age" and "type of return" play an important role in determining the mental health of individuals, while gender as a variable has no significant effect in this regard. These results emphasize the importance of careful analysis of factors affecting mental health and the design of targeted interventions for different groups. Considering the complexities associated with migration and its impact on psychological aspects, further research in this area can lead to the development of more comprehensive policies and the provision of more effective services to support migrants. Also, these findings can be a good basis for the development of prevention and treatment programs at the individual and social levels.
Tourism in Farkhar: Analysis of the Challenges and Development Paths
The Farkhar District is a prominent tourist destination in northeastern Afghanistan, attracting hundreds of domestic tourists each year. However, visitors to Farkhar encounter challenges that, if addressed, could greatly aid in tourism development planning for the district. This study aims to identify these existing challenges and propose strategies for tourism development in the region. The research uses a descriptive-analytical survey methodology, with data gathered through documentary and field studies. The primary data collection tool was a researcher-designed questionnaire, whose reliability was verified using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Analysis of the data through the Friedman test indicated that the most significant challenges and needs of tourists are related to infrastructure and recreational-accommodation services. Therefore, advancing tourism in Farkhar requires tackling infrastructural issues and enhancing welfare services to improve tourist satisfaction and achieve development objectives.
An Investigation of PTSD among Afghan Youth and Preliminary Analysis of their Needs
This study investigates the prevalence and impact of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Afghan youth, focusing on high school students in Kabul and Takhar. It explores factors contributing to PTSD, including the effects of war, socioeconomic status, and the mental health needs of these adolescents. Using a sample of 200 students aged 17-24, the research employs the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) to measure symptoms. Findings reveal that 40% of participant’s experience moderate to severe PTSD symptoms, with those exposed to higher levels of war trauma exhibiting significantly greater psychological distress. Additionally, girls reported higher PTSD levels than boys. Socioeconomic status also played a role, with students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds showing slightly higher PTSD symptoms. The study underscores the urgency of addressing mental health challenges in Afghanistan’s youth, as PTSD severely impacts academic performance and overall well-being. The research calls for targeted interventions, including better mental health support in schools, and highlights the need for further studies to develop effective treatment and prevention strategies for PTSD in post-conflict populations.
The role of Islamic education and education in the era of globalization
Science and knowledge are the basis of all progress, civilization, and human development in various fields. The purpose of this article is to study the role and function of Islamic education in the field of globalization. We live in an era in which humans, with the advancement of science, technology, and virtual space, have established many relationships with each other. This movement began with science in the past but it has gained greater speed in our time. The process of globalization, along with scientific progress, has begun continuously for a long time. Naturally, this process faces serious obstacles in its final victory. So how can one take effective steps in the globalization process? How can the challenges facing globalization be solved? Are there obstacles such as: cultural dominance and political expansion on the part of the great powers? How can the globalization process be revived through Islamic sciences and technologies and finally religion and Islamic civilization find their true place? To what extent can this dream be achieved through Islamic science and knowledge? Is there such a capacity for Islamic sciences in the era of globalization? As a result, the issue of globalization is an important issue that concerns the entire world. With the advancement of science and technology, this issue has gained more speed. One of the goals of this article is to teach views on the subject of globalization through science and knowledge, and also to clarify Islam’s view of globalization, and to examine the challenges and obstacles of globalization, as well as the ability of Islamic sciences and civilization. Islam to achieve globalization.
The Role of Universities in Economic, Social, and Cultural Development
Universities are centers of science, research, entrepreneurship, and capacity building for the younger generations. These scientific centers have carried out their responsibilities from the beginning until now. Universities have played a major role in nations' social, economic, and cultural development given their goals and duties. Developed countries owe this achievement to universities' role in production, entrepreneurship, and training of skilled workers. Universities have gone through various stages since the beginning. From teaching pure sciences to communicating with society and prioritizing social and national necessities are among them. Afghan universities have also played an effective role in training professional cadres and raising the level of education in the country. The activities of the country's universities have also led to an increase in the country's gross national income and per capita income between 2002 and 2019. The purpose of the study is to investigate the role of universities in the economic and social growth of nations. This research has been used qualitatively and analytically from library resources.