Kunduz University International Journal of Islamic Studies and Social Sciences
Kunduz University Journal of Islamic Studies and Social Sciences KUIJIS (e-ISSN 3078-3895) is an open-access international peer-reviewed journal published quarterly by Kunduz University. The journal welcomes the submission of Original articles, Short communications, invited review articles, and Letters to the Editor that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence in all fields of Islamic studies and social sciences. Fields of interest are Islamic culture, Jurisprudence and law, Islamic education, English language literature, Persian language and literature, Pashto language and literature, Geography, History, Psychology, Physical Education, Judicial and Prosecution, Administration and Diplomacy, National Economy and Finance and Banking. We also accept papers on novel approaches that could advance experimental work in the above-listed areas. Within four to six weeks of submission, we want to notify authors of the initial decision on their manuscript or manuscripts. Aim and Scope: The primary areas of study for the Kunduz University International Journal of Islamic Studies and Social Sciences (Kuijis) are Islamic culture, Jurisprudence and law, Islamic education, English language literature, Persian language and literature, Pashto language and literature, Geography, History, Psychology, Physical Education, Judicial & Prosecution, Administration and Diplomacy, National Economy and Finance and Banking. The mission of Kuijis is to disseminate research findings from scholars in pertinent fields, widen the scope of relevant issues facing the community of Afghanistan, and draw attention to them from across the world. Researchers and academics have the chance to accumulate their knowledge in an organized way using Kuijis. Kuijis is still available for in-depth examination, growth, and improvement. More significantly, Kuijis provides an opportunity for academic discussions regarding scientific issues in Afghanistan and worldwide. Peer Review Process Peer review is defined as subjecting an author’s scholarly work or research articles to the scrutiny of others who are experts in the same field. Peer review functions to encourage authors to meet the accepted high standards of their discipline and to ensure that unwarranted claims, unacceptable interpretations, or personal views are not published without prior expert review. Kuijis strives to provide the fairest double-blind peer review system and the best possible service to authors.
Faculty Resistance to Changes Arising from the Implementation of Educational Quality Management Processes Causes and Strategies for Overcoming
Educational quality management processes often necessitate significant changes within higher education systems, yet such initiatives are frequently met with resistance from faculty members. This resistance, rooted in diverse psychological, professional, and organizational factors, can create barriers to achieving the intended goals of quality management. The present study, applied in purpose and descriptive–analytical in nature, employed a documentary and library-based method using credible academic sources to explore both the causes of faculty resistance and the strategies to address it. The findings reveal that preference for maintaining the status quo, identity-related perceptions and professional self-definition, negative attitudes and distrust toward quality management systems, the perceived weakening of academic authority and expertise in decision-making, and tensions between academic autonomy and managerial requirements of quality assurance represent the most influential drivers of resistance. The analysis further identifies practical strategies to mitigate these challenges, including active participation of faculty members, effective communication and training, constructive reward management, capable and wise leadership, facilitation and emotional support through empowerment and recognition, negotiation and consensus-building, nurturing a supportive organizational culture, applying force-field analysis, and employing adaptive and contingency-based approaches. The study concludes that addressing resistance through these strategies can enable higher education institutions to manage quality processes more effectively, thereby ensuring the successful implementation and long-term institutionalization of educational quality management. These insights contribute to strengthening academic quality systems and advancing sustainable improvement in higher education.
The Role of Competency-Based Education in Building Inclusive and Sustainable Communities
In the face of pressing global challenges and widening social inequalities, education must move beyond conventional models to address the complex needs of contemporary communities. Competency-Based Education (CBE) emerges as a transformative approach that emphasizes mastery of skills over memorization, while fostering critical thinking, civic engagement, and problem-solving abilities. This chapter applies a conceptual and analytical method by reviewing policy frameworks, academic literature, and case-based evidence to explore how CBE can be effectively aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The analysis highlights that CBE not only strengthens individual competencies but also enhances social cohesion, encourages local innovation, and builds resilience against socioeconomic and environmental pressures. Findings demonstrate that when implemented systematically, CBE contributes to inclusive educational practices, equips learners with context-relevant skills, and creates pathways for meaningful community participation. Furthermore, CBE frameworks can serve as catalysts for sustainable development by integrating educational outcomes with broader community development initiatives. The study concludes that the integration of CBE into educational policy and practice requires bold reforms, intersect oral collaboration, and long-term commitment from governments, institutions, and civil society. By positioning CBE as both a response to current challenges and a roadmap for future development, this chapter contributes to the growing body of research that underscores the role of education as a driver of inclusive, equitable, and sustainable societies.
Examining the Impact of Quality Assurance on Facilitating and Accelerating the Internationalization Process of Higher Education in Afghanistan
This study investigates the impact of quality assurance on the internationalization of higher education in Afghanistan. Quality assurance in higher education refers to a systematic set of policies, processes, and practices designed to maintain, enhance, and continuously evaluate the quality of academic, research, and service activities within higher education institutions. These mechanisms aim to meet expected academic and professional standards while gaining the trust of stakeholders. Internationalization of higher education is defined as a strategic process that integrates international, intercultural, and global dimensions into policy-making, planning, teaching, research, and academic services to enhance institutional quality, competitiveness, and engagement with the global academic community. Given the growing importance of both quality assurance and internationalization, this study seeks to understand how the implementation of quality assurance frameworks can facilitate and accelerate the internationalization process. Employing a qualitative descriptive-analytical approach, the research involved a comprehensive review of scholarly literature and institutional documents. Data collected from this review were analyzed using thematic analysis. Key findings reveal that effective quality assurance mechanisms play a critical role in building academic trust and credibility, improving educational and research quality, increasing participation in international collaborative research projects, facilitating faculty and student exchange programs, and promoting the internationalization of curricula. In conclusion, the study highlights that quality assurance not only strengthens institutional capacity but also serves as a vital driver for the global integration of higher education in Afghanistan, offering valuable insights for policymakers, administrators, and academic leaders seeking to enhance institutional international engagement.
The Role of Monitoring and Evaluation in Enhancing the Quality of Higher Education Institutions in Afghanistan
Monitoring and evaluation play a vital role in shaping the quality and accountability of higher education systems. In Afghanistan, where the sector faces persistent challenges, robust monitoring and evaluation mechanisms are urgently needed to ensure institutional improvement and sustainability. This study explores how global best practices can inform the development of such systems, particularly by drawing on models from Finland, Canada, and Singapore, which illustrate how structured, well-resourced, and technology-supported approaches enhance educational excellence. The research employed a comparative review method, combining theoretical foundations, policy analysis, and secondary literature to assess both international experiences and Afghanistan’s current realities. By examining strategies, structures, and outcomes of effective monitoring and evaluation frameworks abroad, the study identifies adaptable lessons for Afghanistan’s higher education context. Findings indicate that Afghanistan struggles with limited administrative capacity, insufficient financial resources, cultural barriers, and weak technical infrastructure. In contrast, the selected countries demonstrate how standardized monitoring practices, strong institutional capacity, and the integration of digital technologies can lead to improved accountability, better teaching and learning outcomes, and stronger governance mechanisms. The study concludes that Afghanistan can significantly benefit from adopting comprehensive monitoring and evaluation systems tailored to its local needs. Strengthening human resources, ensuring adequate funding, and establishing clear, standardized procedures are critical steps. By synthesizing global experiences with local challenges, this research contributes to a practical framework for reform, offering pathways to sustainable quality enhancement in Afghan higher education.
Comparison of the Obtained Scores of Core Quality Assurance Standards in Public and Private UniversitiesInstitutions
Research in Afghanistan remains limited, and little is known about the comparative performance of public and private higher education institutions in terms of quality assurance. This comparative study was conducted to examine the implementation of core quality assurance standards across selected public and private universities and higher education institutions. The study utilized the official evaluation scores provided by the Ministry of Higher Education for accredited universities and institutions. The methodology involved a comparative analysis of scores in key domains, including research, library facilities, faculty performance, financial resources, and information technology infrastructure. The findings indicate that public universities and higher education institutions generally achieved higher scores in research activities, library services, and faculty qualifications compared to their private counterparts. Conversely, private universities and institutions performed better in the areas of financial management and information technology implementation, suggesting more effective application of resources in these domains. These results highlight both strengths and gaps in the quality assurance processes of Afghan higher education institutions and underscore the need for targeted improvements. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that quality assurance evaluation provides a valuable framework for assessing institutional performance and identifying areas for development. By highlighting the differences between public and private institutions, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of quality assurance practices in Afghanistan and offers evidence-based insights that can support policy-making, resource allocation, and the continuous enhancement of higher education standards in the country.
The Role of Quality Assurance in Strengthening Research
Quality assurance (QA) is a systematic approach designed to ensure accuracy, validity, and transparency throughout the research process. It plays a critical role in improving the overall quality of research by preventing, identifying, and correcting errors or shortcomings in research activities and outcomes. Although QA is widely recognized globally, it remains a relatively new concept in Afghanistan, where most research institutions have yet to implement formal QA mechanisms. This review examines existing QA frameworks and practices adopted internationally, including guidelines from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the World Health Organization (WHO), and European scientific institutions. It also analyzes recent initiatives by the Afghan Ministry of Higher Education to introduce QA systems, particularly in Islamic universities influenced by UAE standards. The study is based on a review of literature, institutional reports, and official QA guidelines. The findings indicate that QA relies on standards, checklists, assessments, documentation, feedback, monitoring, and corrective actions to ensure research credibility and transparency. In Afghanistan, emerging QA initiatives have begun to encourage systematic research practices, although comprehensive mechanisms remain limited. Implementing QA enhances scientific rigor while also strengthening trust among society, decision-makers, and donors. In conclusion, QA is a fundamental component that must be integrated at all stages of the research process. Establishing robust QA systems in Afghanistan can significantly enhance research quality, scientific credibility, and societal impact, contributing to the advancement of reliable and trustworthy research practices.
Annual assessment and monitoring of academic programs in educational institutions and its effect on enhancing educational quality
‌Annual evaluation and monitoring of academic programs are recognized as essential mechanisms for maintaining and improving the quality of education and research in higher education institutions. These processes enable the identification of curricular strengths and weaknesses, refinement of teaching methods, and enhancement of student satisfaction, while also ensuring accountability and alignment with both national and international standards. This study investigates the impact of annual evaluation and monitoring on the quality of education at the Higher Education Institute of Badghis Province, Afghanistan. Using a field research approach, primary data were collected from a stratified random sample of 50 faculty members and administrative staff. Data were obtained through structured questionnaires and analyzed using Graph Pad Prism Version 7 (Trial). The findings reveal that systematic annual monitoring leads to significant improvements, including alignment of curricula with labor market needs, enhancement of educational content, and promotion of effective teaching practices. Moreover, it contributes to student engagement, research quality assurance, professional development of faculty, innovation, and stronger collaboration between academia, industry, and the wider community. Despite these benefits, challenges such as resource limitations and resistance to change were identified as barriers to optimal implementation. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that annual evaluation and monitoring are not only critical tools for improving academic quality but also serve as catalysts for institutional accountability, innovation, and long-term educational development. The results provide valuable insights for policymakers and administrators seeking to strengthen higher education systems in resource-constrained contexts.
An AI-Enabled, Data-Driven PDCA Framework for Continuous Quality Improvement in Higher Education A Three-Institution Study
Higher education institutions increasingly employ data analytics and artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance student learning outcomes, yet the absence of a systematic Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI) framework limits their effectiveness. This study aimed to develop and pilot an AI-enabled, data-driven Plan–Do–Check–Act (PDCA) framework to support CQI in higher education. Student-level learning records (n = 12,450) were preprocessed using z-score normalization and outlier removal at ±3 standard deviations, and analyzed through Random Forest and Support Vector Machine models. Predictive performance was evaluated using ten-fold cross-validation. Complementary qualitative data were collected from 18 faculty members and policy-makers via structured interviews to assess usability and impact on decision-making. The Random Forest model achieved 87.2% accuracy (area under the curve = 0.91), outperforming the Support Vector Machine model (82.5%, AUC = 0.86). Implementation of two PDCA cycles led to measurable improvements: course pass rates increased by 9.4%, and semester-on-time completion rose by 7.1% (Cohen’s d = 0.65, p < 0.01). Qualitative feedback indicated enhanced decision-making speed and higher stakeholder engagement. These results demonstrate that integrating predictive analytics with structured PDCA cycles can effectively support CQI, providing actionable insights to improve student success. The study contributes a practical, data-driven framework for higher education quality enhancement, highlighting the feasibility of AI-assisted monitoring and evaluation. While the pilot was limited to two semesters, the findings suggest that longitudinal application could sustain and further amplify improvements in institutional performance.
The Evolution of Policy-Oriented and Applied Research in Uzbekistan From Institutional Isolation to Strategic Integration
This study examines the evolution of policy-oriented and applied research in Uzbekistan, with a focus on the historical, institutional, and geopolitical factors that have shaped its trajectory from the Soviet period to the present. Using a historical-institutional and documentary analysis approach, the research investigates reforms, policy frameworks, and institutional developments, with particular emphasis on the post-2016 era under President Shavkat Mirziyoyev. The findings show that Uzbekistan has transitioned from a centralized, planning-based research system to a modernized and pragmatically driven model that directly supports national development goals. Key reforms include the institutionalization of implementation-based doctoral research, the establishment of advanced think tanks, and the requirement for international publication, all of which have expanded research infrastructure, enhanced human capital, and increased global competitiveness. The University of World Economy and Diplomacy (UWED) is highlighted as a pioneering institution that connects academia, government, and international actors in advancing applied and policy-relevant research. The study concludes that these transformations represent a paradigmatic shift toward integrating research into governance and development, while also proposing initiatives to deepen Uzbekistan–Afghanistan academic cooperation through joint research programs, expert exchanges, and institutional partnerships. Such measures are expected to strengthen regional stability, foster cross-border knowledge production, and support the emergence of a collaborative academic ecosystem in Central and South Asia. Effectiveness and student outcomes.
Factors Contributing to Procrastination Behaviors Among University Students in Jalalabad: A Quality Assurance Perspective
fostering autonomy-supportive learning environments, enhancing time management skills, and strengthening student support services to reduce procrastination. Integrating SDT Procrastination is a common issue among university students, negatively impacting academic performance, well-being, and the effectiveness of Quality Assurance (QA) mechanisms. In Jalalabad, Afghanistan, research on factors driving student procrastination and its implications for educational quality remains limited. This study investigates personal, academic, and institutional determinants of procrastination and their effects on QA processes. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted with 130 students from diverse programs. Data were collected using structured questionnaires based on Self-Determination Theory (SDT), which highlights autonomy, competence, and relatedness as drivers of intrinsic motivation. Quantitative analyses identified key contributors to procrastination, including poor time management, excessive social media use, low self-efficacy, limited motivational support from educators and family, and feelings of lethargy. Students recognized the adverse effects of procrastination on academic outcomes. From a QA perspective, these behaviors threaten academic standards, increase attrition risk, and hinder institutional objectives. The study recommends -informed interventions into QA frameworks can improve timely academic progression, boost student engagement, and sustain educational quality. These findings offer evidence-based insights into behavioral factors affecting higher education in Afghanistan and suggest practical strategies to enhance institutional effectiveness and student outcomes.
The Role of Student Feedback in Enhancing Educational Quality: A Case Study of the Faculty of Computer Science, Herat University
This study examines the role of student feedback in enhancing the quality of education at the Faculty of Computer Science, Herat University. The main research question addresses how the current feedback system influences educational quality, with the hypothesis that systematic integration of student feedback, combined with refined collection, analysis, and application methods, significantly improves educational quality and learning outcomes as perceived by both students and faculty. A cross-sectional study was conducted over three consecutive semesters (Spring 1403, Fall 1403, and Spring 1404) with 411 feedback forms collected through convenience sampling. Data were gathered using a 15-item questionnaire and analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics (version 29); quantitative variables were summarized using means, while qualitative variables were presented as percentages, and relationships between qualitative variables were assessed with the Chi-square test (p < 0.05 considered significant). Findings indicate that student feedback acts as a dynamic and influential mechanism for improving educational quality, showing positive correlations with overall faculty performance and departmental outcomes. The results emphasize that active integration of student feedback enhances instructional effectiveness, academic processes, and student engagement. This study highlights the critical importance of feedback in creating a responsive and continuously improving university environment and provides empirical evidence supporting the strategic use of feedback mechanisms to foster teaching quality and a culture of academic excellence in higher education.
Assessing the Impact of Digitalization on the Improvement of Educational Quality in Higher Education Institutions: A Case Study of Herat University (2025)
Digitalization has become a crucial factor in enhancing educational quality in higher education institutions worldwide, yet in Afghanistan, empirical evidence on its effects remains limited. This study investigates the impact of digitalization on educational quality at Herat University, aiming to identify key benefits, challenges, and areas for improvement. A quantitative research design was employed, and 203 structured questionnaires were distributed among faculty members and administrative staff. The survey instrument included sections on demographic information, awareness of digitalization, its perceived impact on teaching and learning, challenges and limitations, and the role of digital systems in administration. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and reliability tests in SPSS. The results indicate that faculty and staff generally have moderate to high awareness of digitalization, which positively influences teaching practices, learning outcomes, and institutional management. Challenges such as limited infrastructure, insufficient training, and resistance to change were identified as barriers to full implementation. Participants also emphasized the importance of digital systems in improving administrative efficiency and decision-making processes. The study concludes that digitalization can significantly enhance educational quality if supported by adequate policies, infrastructure, and training programs. This research provides empirical evidence on the role of digital technologies in Afghan higher education and offers practical recommendations, including enhancing digital literacy, centralizing digital platforms, and allocating sustainable resources to support technological advancement.
Citizen Satisfaction with Urban Park Services, Case Study: Park-e-Shahr-e-Qadim, Aybak, Samangan
Urban parks are among the fundamental intra-urban uses and play a vital role in providing services and welfare for residents to spend their leisure time. This study, using a descriptive-analytical approach, examines residents’ satisfaction with the services of Park-e-Shahr-e-Qadim in Aybak., Samangan. The data required for the study were prepared and organized through a research questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale. The findings were analyzed at descriptive and inferential statistical levels. Diagnostic tests and histograms indicated that the data distribution did not follow a normal distribution; therefore, non-parametric tests were used to test the research hypothesis. The Friedman test was employed to rank the park service indicators and test the research hypothesis. The results showed that all indicators of the Old City Park services are at a relatively satisfactory level. The welfare facilities indicator achieved the highest mean score (3.60), followed by the green space indicator (3.53), the comfort and convenience indicator (3.38), and the safety and security indicator (3.28), with a significance level (sig: 0.01), i.e., well above the neutral midpoint. In the ranking of indicators using the Friedman method, the welfare facilities indicator received the highest score (2.79), while the safety and security indicator ranked last (2.28). Consequently, these findings can help planners and city managers identify residents’ satisfaction with the park’s service indicators and use these insights to further improve and enhance service quality.
An Analysis of the Challenges and Opportunities of Tourism in Balkh Province: Approaches to Development and Management
Balkh Province is recognized as one of Afghanistan’s key tourism regions due to its rich historical heritage and diverse cultural and natural attractions. This study aimed to examine the challenges and opportunities for tourism development in the province. A qualitative thematic analysis was conducted based on semi-structured interviews with eight tourism specialists, and the data were analyzed using MAXQDA. The findings indicate that major attractions such as the Shrine of Hazrat Ali, the Mausoleum of Mawlana, the Nine-Domed Masjid, the Qosh Tepa Canal, and the Amu River provide significant tourism potential. However, weak infrastructure, limited marketing, negative international perceptions of Afghanistan, and political instability constrain development. Key enabling factors include Balkh's strategic geographic position and inter-institutional collaboration. The study concludes that sustainable tourism development in Balkh requires infrastructure investment, targeted promotion, community participation, heritage conservation, establishment of protected areas, and the adoption of renewable energy. These measures can strengthen local economic growth, generate employment, and reinforce the region's cultural identity.
The Impact of Ethnicity and Gender on Psychological Well-Being in Afghanistan
This research explored psychological well-being in Afghanistan, focusing on ethnic and gender influences. Using a descriptive causal-comparative approach, 960 participants,comprising 597 males and 363 females were recruited from four ethnic groups(Tajik, Uzbek, Pashtun, and Hazara) residing in various provinces of Afghanistan. Data were collected using the Psychological WellBeing short form Scale and analyzed with SPSS (Version 27), applying independent samples t-tests and multivariate analysis of variance .The findings revealed that A significant gender difference emerged in the autonomy dimension (p = .014), with men demonstrating higher levels of autonomy. Results indicated significant effects of ethnicity on personal growth, positive relations, self-acceptance and purpose in life. Overall psychological wellbeing was also significantly influenced by ethnicity. However, no significant ethnic differences were found for environmental mastery or autonomy. Tukey post-hoc analysis revealed higher selfacceptance among Hazaras than Uzbeks (p = .040). Evidence from the study suggests that ethnicity constitutes an influential factor shaping different dimensions of psychological well-being. while gender-related differences appear to be more limited in scope. The results highlight the importance of considering sociocultural factors when addressing mental health and well-being within diverse populations.
The Role of Relevant Departments in Pollution Reduction Techniques and Biodiversity Conservation in Afghanistan
Air pollution is one of the major problems that humanity has faced, which stems from destructive human activities such as the consumption of fossil fuels, the increase in vehicles and their low quality, the use of low-quality fuels, population growth, the use of smoky fuels, the lack of paved and asphalted roads, the use of wood, coal, timber, and other factors. These have all caused air pollution to increase, leading to respiratory, heart, and vascular diseases, weakening of the immune system, and premature mortality. Today, many cities in the world are affected by the phenomenon of air pollution, and Afghanistan is among them. Some offices and authorities have played a direct role in reducing air pollution, including the municipal administrations of the country, particularly the Kabul Municipality, the Ministries for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Information and Culture, Hajj and Religious Endowments, the Ministry of Higher Education, the Ministry of Mines, the Ministry of Energy and Water, the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, the Ministry of Public Health, the Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Urban Development and Housing, the General Directorate of Environmental Protection, and other relevant authorities, each of which has had its own impact. Therefore, the aim of this research is to study and examine the role of the related offices in techniques for reducing pollution and preserving Afghanistan's biodiversity, considering that Afghanistan is one of the countries most affected by environmental and air pollution, with Kabul being one of the most polluted cities in the world. The research addresses the factors causing this pollution and also presents ways to prevent it and the role of the relevant offices. The methodology of this research is qualitative and is presented in an analytical and descriptive manner. The information was collected using books, articles, and reputable websites. The result of the study is to gain knowledge and awareness regarding the role of relevant departments in reducing and controlling pollution and preserving biodiversity in Afghanistan. Various government departments play a significant role in pollution control and biodiversity conservation in the country, and if carried out effectively and genuinely, existing pollution in major cities will be controlled and wildlife will be protected.
Afghanistan, Biodiversity, Pollution Reduction, Role, Relevant Departments & Techniques.
Baghlan and the Earliest Traces of the Persian-Dari Language:An Examination of the Historical, Linguistic, and Cultural ties between Baghlan and Persian-Dari language
This study examines the historical and linguistic significance of Baghlan within the broader context of early Iranian language development, focusing on the Surkh Kotal inscriptions of the Kushan period (2nd century CE). Using a descriptive-analytical and historical-comparative approach, the research analyzes selected lexical and morpho-syntactic features documented in published editions of the inscriptions and compares them with later attestations of Persian-Dari. The objective is not to assert direct genetic descent but to explore possible patterns of linguistic continuity, contact, or structural resemblance within the eastern Iranian sphere. By distinguishing between genetic inheritance, areal influence, and typological similarity, the study proposes that the linguistic environment of ancient Bactria, including Baghlan, may have contributed to conditions that facilitated the later emergence of Persian-Dari. The findings highlight the importance of regional epigraphic evidence while acknowledging the methodological limits imposed by reliance on secondary documentation and the broader complexities of Iranian language history.
Baghlan (Ancient Bactria), Surkh Kotal Inscriptions, Bactrian Language Early Iranian Languages, Persian-Dari Development, Historical Linguistics.
Digital Currency and the Question of Trust: CBEX Trading in Nigeria from Islamic Economic Lens
The digital revolution has reshaped financial systems globally, introducing cryptocurrencies and Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) as alternative instruments of transaction and investment. In Nigeria, this transformation has coincided with the proliferation of digital-based Ponzi schemes, notably the collapse of the CBEX (Crypto Binary Exchange) platform, raising ethical and regulatory concerns. This study examines the relationship between digital currency, Ponzi schemes, and economic trust in Nigeria from contemporary economic and Islamic ethical perspectives. It evaluates how unregulated digital investments undermine economic justice and Islamic economic values. Adopting a qualitative approach, the study analyzes the CBEX case as a representative example. Data were drawn from Islamic economic literature, media reports, and regulatory commentaries to assess the broader ethical and socio-economic implications. The findings indicate that while digital currencies present genuine economic opportunities, inadequate regulation and low financial literacy have facilitated fraudulent schemes. From an Islamic perspective, CBEX-like operations contravene fundamental principles including transparency (bayān), trustworthiness (amānah), and the prohibition of excessive uncertainty (gharar) and gambling (maysir). The study concludes that restoring economic trust requires stronger regulatory oversight, enhanced public financial education, and ethical reorientation. It recommends a balanced framework that supports digital financial innovation while embedding robust legal safeguards and Islamic ethical principles to prevent exploitation and ensure economic justice.
Digital currency, CBEX Trading, Islamic economy, trust, Ponzi schemes.
Afghanistan is a rich country in terms of water resources. However, the main issue in that regard is that the water resources of the country have not been properly identified, and no comprehensive and concrete policies have been adopted to manage these water resources. Similarly, a lack of sufficient consideration to the water resources of the country, has caused wastage of the water resources and the neighbors' abuse of the said resources. This work is focused on analyzing the water resources of Afghanistan. The information for this paper has been obtained through library research and were processed through the Descriptive Analysis method. The paper came to the conclusion that, Afghanistan is blessed with countless number of water basins and water resources. The water basins of Afghanistan include small and large rivers that become transboundary by crossing the borders and reinforce Afghanistan's position vis-à-vis its neighbors and beyond. The Oxus (Amu), Kabul, Hilmand, North, and Harirod are considered the major water basins of Afghanistan. The basins not only respond to Afghanistan's water needs but also those of the neighbors, either directly or indirectly
Afghanistan, Amu (Oxus), Harirod , Helmand, Kabul, Water Basins.
A look to Afghanistan's geopolitical and transit Location and its impact on the country's political and economic stability
Today, the topic of transit using modern methods is considered the economic lifeline of countries, breathing life into the body of the land and driving the vast economic cycle on the globe. This research has been conducted due to the importance of transit in the global economy and its role in ensuring political and economic stability in the country, as well as in elevating Afghanistan's geopolitical status regionally and globally. Afghanistan's transit position in Asia holds special geopolitical value and, in addition to generating economic revenue and ensuring national stability, can foster regional stability and cohesion by linking the interests of countries. The aim of the research is to study Afghanistan's transit position and its impact on the country's political and economic stability, noting that Afghanistan is a country with an important geographical and geopolitical position, connecting the north to the south and the east to the west, and is considered the gateway to Asia. The significance of the research lies in gaining an understanding of the advantages and value of the country's strategic position through such studies. The research method is qualitative, presented in an analytical and descriptive manner, with sources collected from books, scholarly articles, and internet websites. The research results indicate that Afghanistan holds great importance in terms of its transit position and has played a valuable role in the development and political and economic stability of the country.
Afghanistan, geopolitics, political stability, transit.
Investigating Grammatical Errors in the Spoken English of Freshmen at Panjshir University’s Faculty of Education
This study examined grammatical errors in the spoken English of first-year EFL students at the Faculty of Education, Panjshir University, Afghanistan. The purpose of the study was to identify the types and causes of grammatical errors in students’ oral production. A qualitative descriptive research design was employed. Thirty undergraduate students enrolled in the Speaking I course (2024 cohort) were selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected through structured interviews and audiorecorded with participants’ consent. The recordings were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using Dulay, Burt, and Krashen’s (1982) Surface Strategy Taxonomy, which categorizes errors into omission, addition, misformation, and misordering. To enhance credibility, follow-up interviews were conducted to explore the underlying causes of the identified errors. The findings revealed 443 grammatical errors. Omission errors were the most frequent (235 cases, 53%), followed by addition errors (78 cases, 17%), misformation errors (67 cases, 15.12%), and misordering errors (63 cases, 14.22%). The results suggest that insufficient grammatical competence, limited exposure to authentic English, interlingual interference from learners’ first language, intralingual factors, and overgeneralization strategies contributed to students’ errors. The study highlights the need for more focused grammar instruction within the communicative speaking course.
causes of error, freshman Grammatical Error, speaking.
The Relationship Between Informal Organization and Teachers Evaluation, From the viewpoint of students (Case Study the Students of Baghlan University)
The main objective of this study is to examine the relationship between informal organization and the evaluation of instructors from the perspective of students at Baghlan University. Methodologically, the research is descriptive–correlational and, in terms of purpose, it is an applied study. The research was conducted using a survey method, and simple random sampling was employed to select the participants. The statistical population consisted of all students of Baghlan University, totaling 5,252 individuals. Using Cochran’s formula, a sample of 385 students was selected. Data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire. To ensure the scientific soundness of the instrument, content validity and construct validity were assessed. The reliability of the questionnaire was also examined, and the results showed an acceptable level of reliability, with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.831. The Pearson correlation coefficient further confirmed the validity and reliability of the research instrument. To analyze the relationship between the dimensions of informal organization, particularly the psychological indicators of informal groups, and the evaluation of instructors from the students’ perspective, descriptive and inferential statistical methods were employed. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used for data analysis. The findings indicate a relatively strong and statistically significant relationship between informal organization and the evaluation of instructors from the students’ perspective. The correlation coefficient (r = 0.566, p = 0.001) reveals a positive and meaningful relationship, suggesting that the activities and interactions of informal groups play an influential role in shaping students’ evaluations of teaching quality.
Organization, Informal Organization, Evaluation, Informal Groups, Examination.
Examining the Principles, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Flipped Teaching Method and Its Role in Student Learning Quality
The flipped teaching method is a contemporary instructional approach that reorganizes traditional classroom practices by delivering instructional content outside the classroom through technological tools and dedicating in-class time to interactive learning activities. The purpose of this study was to examine the fundamental principles, educational opportunities, and challenges of the flipped teaching method. Using a qualitative literature review design, data were collected from recent and credible Persian and English sources, including books and peer-reviewed journal articles. Relevant literature was identified using the keywords “ دد معکوس تددس,” “Flipped Classroom,” and “Flipped Learning.” From an initial pool of 71 sources, 42 were selected based on relevance and analyzed through systematic summarization and synthesis. The findings reveal that flipped teaching is grounded in four core principles: purposeful content, a learner-centered culture, a flexible learning environment, and the active role of a professional instructor. The method offers significant benefits, increased student engagement, enhanced critical thinking skills, deeper conceptual understanding, and greater learner autonomy. However, challenges related to learners, instructors, institutional support, instructional design, management, ethics, and technological infrastructure were also identified. The study concludes that effective planning, adequate training, and institutional support are essential for the successful implementation of the flipped teaching method.
Flipped Teaching, Learning, Method Principles, Opportunities and Challenges, Quality.
Teaching Load and Its Impact on Teaching Quality in Afghan EFL Classrooms
Teaching load is a critical factor influencing the quality of education, particularly in EFL contexts where pedagogical demands are high. In Afghanistan, universities face significant challenges, including large class sizes, which directly contribute to a heavy teaching load for instructors. This study aims to investigate the impact of teaching load on the quality of EFL instruction in Afghan EFL classrooms, filling a gap in the literature by focusing on the teacher's perspective in the Afghan higher education context. This research employed a quantitative survey design. A questionnaire, adapted from established frameworks on teacher workload and instructional efficacy, was distributed to 50 EFL instructors. Data were analyzed using SPSS, focusing on descriptive statistics to identify correlations between perceived teaching load and various aspects of teaching quality. The findings reveal that a high teaching load, primarily driven by large class sizes and extensive administrative duties, negatively impacts teaching quality. Instructors reported relying more on traditional, lecture-based methods, having insufficient time for providing detailed feedback on assignments, and experiencing reduced capacity for innovative and communicative teaching practices. The study concludes that excessive teaching load is a significant barrier to achieving highquality EFL instruction. It is recommended that university administrators and the Ministry of Higher Education implement policies to reduce class sizes, hire more faculty, and provide better administrative support to alleviate the burden on instructors, thereby enhancing the overall quality of teaching and learning.
EFL Instructors, Higher Education, Instructional Quality, Large Classes, Teacher Burnout, Teaching Load.
Assessing the Impact of Service Quality on Customer Satisfaction: A case Study of Salam Telecommunications in Kunduz City Center
The purpose of this research is to identify the level of customer satisfaction with the service quality of Salam Telecommunications Company in the center of Kunduz. The research method is descriptive-correlational in terms of practical purpose. The main question of this research is’’ Does the service quality of Salam Telecom Company has an impact on the satisfaction of customers or not? And the hypothesis of this research is that the service quality of Salam Telecom Company has a positive impact on satisfaction of customers. The desired statistical population of this research are (200) users of Salam SIM cards that (120) individuals were selected as the sample by the proportional stratified sampling method. The data has analyzed by the SPSS and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient has gotten (0.8). Therefore, the questionaries have the necessary reliability. The research findings show that the most important factor that affects customer satisfaction is the better quality and low price of services. Therefore, there is a meaningful relation between the quality services and customers satisfaction. By any measure which the price be less and the quality be appropriate the customer satisfaction will increase.
Customer Satisfaction, Salam Company, Service Quality, Kunduz and Telecommunications.
A GIS- and Remote Sensing–Based Feasibility Analysis of High School Locations in Seventh District of Kabul City
Urban planning and management in rapidly growing cities face increasing challenges due to complex spatial structures and the need for efficient, evidence-based decision-making. This study assesses the feasibility of establishing new high schools in the Seventh District of Kabul City using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing techniques. The spatial distribution of existing high schools was analyzed to identify gaps in educational service coverage. Key criteria, including population density, accessibility, transportation networks, and existing infrastructure, were integrated to determine suitable locations for future schools. Data were obtained from high-resolution satellite imagery, government records, and population statistics. GIS-based spatial analyses, such as buffer analysis and spatial overlay techniques, were applied to evaluate current accessibility levels and identify underserved areas. The results reveal that although some parts of the Seventh District benefit from adequate access to educational facilities, large portions—particularly newly developed residential areas—remain underserved. Several optimal locations for new high schools are proposed to improve spatial equity in educational access. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of GIS as a decision-support tool in urban and educational planning and highlights its potential role in reducing educational disparities in Kabul City.
Geographic Information Systems, Feasibility Study, Educational Centres, High Schools, Kabul City, Remote Sensing, Urban Planning.
Effects of aerobic exercises on the digestive system
This study offers a thorough investigation of the ways in which regular exercise improves the general health of the gastrointestinal tract and the operation of the digestive system. Consistent exercise has a good impact on a number of interrelated aspects that affect the efficiency of the digestive system, including blood circulation, intestinal motility, enzyme secretion, and stress levels. The aim of this study is to clarify the effects of aerobic exercises on the digestive system. To achieve the above objective, information was collected and analyzed qualitatively from various credible source This study examines the structural and functional effects of exercise on digestive processes using a qualitative research methodology and a thorough evaluation of the body of scientific literature. Results show that regular exercise enhances intestinal motility, promotes the generation of digestive enzymes, and maximizes the function of the stomach and colon. Exercise-induced increases in blood flow provide the digestive organs with more oxygen and nutrients, facilitating effective nutrient absorption and shielding the mucosal barrier from toxins and acid. Additionally, exercise is essential for controlling the intestines' rhythmic muscular contractions, which promote easy food transit and lessen digestive problems, including indigestion, bloating, and constipation. Exercise also reduces psychological stress, which is a key cause of conditions like gastritis, ulcers, and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), by lowering cortisol levels and releasing endorphins. Additionally, through improving cellular repair mechanisms and lowering inflammation, exercise fortifies the gut's immunological response. This results in increased resistance to ulcers, chronic inflammation, and gastrointestinal disorders.
Blood Circulation, Digestive System, Regular Exercise.
Knowledge Management Components and Creativity: Evidence from Parwan University Employees
In an increasingly complex and competitive environment, organizations are required to systematically generate, evaluate, and apply knowledge to enhance the quality of their products and services. Beyond the mere possession of information, effective knowledge management plays a critical role in transforming individual and organizational insights into collective expertise and practical competencies. The present study investigates the relationship between knowledge management components and employee creativity at Parwan University. Employing a descriptive– correlational design, the research was conducted among 54 employees of Parwan University in 2025. Data were collected using the Knowledge Management Questionnaire developed by Konrad and Newman and the Creativity Questionnaire developed by Dr. Soltani. The reliability of the instruments was confirmed through Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of 0.89 for the Knowledge Management Questionnaire and 0.76 for the Creativity Questionnaire. To examine the association between the dimensions of knowledge management—knowledge acquisition, knowledge transfer, knowledge creation, and knowledge application—and creativity, Pearson’s correlation coefficient was applied. The findings reveal a strong, positive, and statistically significant relationship between knowledge management components and employee creativity (r = 0.812, Sig. = 0.000). The results suggest that higher levels of knowledge management practices at Parwan University are associated with increased employee creativity.
Management, Knowledge Acquisition, Knowledge Transfer, Knowledge Creation, Knowledge Application, Employee Creativity
Assessing Students’ Attitudes Toward the Use of Artificial Intelligence (ChatGPT) on the Critical Thinking Skills and Creativity of EFL Learners Among Students at Badghis University
The rapid integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in education has created new opportunities for developing higher-order cognitive skills; however, limited empirical research has examined its influence within under-resourced EFL contexts such as Afghanistan. This study aimed to assess students’ attitudes toward the use of Artificial Intelligence (ChatGPT) and its impact on the critical thinking skills and creativity of EFL learners at Badghis University. A quantitative descriptive research design was employed. Data were collected from 150 undergraduate students across all academic levels using a structured questionnaire consisting of 20 Likert-scale items. The instrument demonstrated acceptable internal reliability and was analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, and mean scores). The findings revealed a highly positive perception of ChatGPT’s educational value. 88.23% of participants reported that ChatGPT enhanced their creativity by supporting idea generation, innovative expression, and problemsolving. Similarly, 85% of students indicated improvement in critical thinking, particularly in analyzing information, questioning assumptions, and evaluating arguments. Overall, 88.23% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that ChatGPT positively contributes to both creative and analytical learning, while only 7.93% expressed concerns regarding over-reliance and reduced originality. This study fills an important research gap by providing empirical evidence from an Afghan higher-education EFL context, where AI integration remains underexplored. The findings highlight ChatGPT as a valuable pedagogical support tool that can foster higher-order thinking when used responsibly. The study offers practical implications for educators, curriculum designers, and policymakers seeking to integrate AI into language education while maintaining learners’ independent thinking and creativity.
Artificial Intelligence, ChatGPT, Creativity, Critical Thinking, EFL Learners, Student Attitudes.
Exploring the Challenges Faced by English Major Students in Delivering Oral Presentations at Kabul University
In today's academic environment, oral presentations are a challenge for many students; however, delivering them serves as a valuable communication skill. Several factors contribute to the student's poor performance. Therefore, this study aims to explore the challenges faced by English major students in delivering oral presentations at Kabul University, as well as to explore the strategies they use to improve their skills and the role of lecturers in developing these abilities. Through a descriptive quantitative research design, a fivepoint Likert-scale survey questionnaire was administered to 30 English major students at Kabul University, Afghanistan, in the Language and Literature Faculty, Department of English. Results revealed that students struggle mostly with limited preparation time, presentation anxiety, and discomfort with getting an unjust grade. Additionally, students employed several strategies to enhance their oral presentation skills, with the most commonly reported being boosting their confidence, observing other presentations, incorporating visual aids, and anticipating potential questions. Instructors played a crucial role in enhancing these skills by creating a supportive learning environment, ensuring sufficient preparation time, and providing students with grading rubrics. The study provides recommendations for students and teachers to develop strategies for improved communication and presentation skills.