Assessing the Effect of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) on Household Income: A Case Study of Pul-e-Khumri, Afghani

Abstract

Vocational training provides practical and skill-based learning that 
enables individuals to acquire competencies relevant to labor 
market requirements. This study examined the effect of vocational 
training on household income in Pul-e-Khumri District, Baghlan 
Province. The study population comprised 980 individuals who had 
completed vocational training programs. Based on Morgan’s 
sampling table, 280 participants were selected using convenience 
sampling. Data were collected through a researcher-developed 
questionnaire employing a five-point Likert scale ranging from very 
high to very low. The instrument demonstrated satisfactory 
reliability, with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.882. Its validity 
was established through the expert judgments of three scholars 
specializing in Social Sciences, Mathematics, and Dari Language 
and Literature. Descriptive findings revealed that 23.2% of 
respondents held a bachelor’s degree, while most had a diploma or 
lower qualification. Tailoring was the most common vocational skill 
(20.7%), followed by mobile-phone repair (19.3%), plastering and 
metalwork (12.5% each), solar installation (12.1%), and furniture
making and carpentry (11.4% each). Overall, 72.1% of participants 
obtained employment after completing their training. CFA and SEM 
analyses showed that vocational training significantly improved 
household income through both direct and indirect pathways, 
particularly by strengthening occupational skills, attitudes, goal 
orientation, and employment opportunities. All hypotheses were 
supported. The findings indicate that expanding vocational training 
can be an effective approach to promoting employment and 
strengthening household livelihoods